| Abstract [eng] |
As technology and construction processes improve, we learn about the tightness of concept buildings. This concept is very important these days, and it is necessary to improve our comfortable life both by contributing to the development of ecology and from the heat loss of buildings that occur through leaky and poorly constructed buildings. To prevent this, leak tests must be carried out in buildings. The aim of the work is to perform a comparative analysis of building tightness research. Relevance and novelty - with the help of experimental research of the door blower to determine the tightness of buildings, during which the state of tightness of the building is clarified. From 2021 came into force: – a new law on construction, which regulates the heat efficiency of a building with A ++ class construction; – requirement for new construction buildings to be tested for leaks. The test uses a blower door test mechanism that performs all calculations showing the tightness conditions in buildings. The problem is that the tightness of buildings is becoming one of the most important factors influencing the quality of the building, the comfortable operation of buildings and the preservation of investments. Today, construction is facing an increased problem: what actions need to be taken to ensure that designed, constructed and renovated buildings meet building energy efficiency standards. Research methods that are used in the master's thesis: Analysis of scientific literature, expert survey, SAW and TOPSIS multi-criteria methods. The master's thesis consists of three parts: an overview of the works of foreign and Lithuanian scientists, research methodology, practical research. The first chapter analyses the part of foreign and Lithuanian scientist’s research about tightness measurement assay. The energy efficiency of buildings and the improvement of their comfort are the most important elements in the tightness of buildings. The energy performance of buildings is divided into classes, which include possible air change indicators, according to the European standard ISO 9972 [1], which regulates: leaking building n50 > 3 h-1; low energy building n50 < 1.5 h-1; passive houses n50 < 0.6 h-1. Most of the buildings are old buildings with leak tests exceeding the norm. For the improvement of energy efficiency, more attention is proposed to the geometry of buildings. The current locations identified are: the roof, windows, doors, ceiling and wall joints. The importance of ventilation in airtight buildings is also discussed, as a proper ventilation system must be ensured when increasing the tightness of a building. Good indoor ventilation and fresh indoor air are a very big priority in work offices, educational institutions where people spend a lot of time in enclosed spaces. The permeability of buildings is a very important parameter to be prepared for, so ventilation must be carried out using the installed system. The second section discusses how the leak test is performed, what preparations are required, the test conditions and the equipment required to perform the test. The calculation of leak test parameters using formulas is also discussed. Multi-criteria methods are described. SAW and TOPSIS multi-criteria calculation methods are analysed. The third chapter introduces the indicators used to make the dependence of the tightness test results on the height of the building for multi-criteria assessment. Also, the significance of the values is determined, during which a survey is conducted by interviewing construction experts on the significance of the indicators. According to experts, the most important significance indicator is air circulation at 50 Pa, n50 [h-1]. The least important indicator is the specific penetration per unit floor area of the building at 50 Pa, qF50 [m³ / h / m²]. The tightness test parameters used to perform the study were calculated. In the study, the dependence of the results of the tightness test on the height of the building by multi-criteria SAW and TOPSIS methods, it was found that the height of the buildings affects the indicators of the tightness test. The best priority option for the SAW method is building A. The most priority building A differs 1.9 times from the most non-priority building E. The best priority option using the TOPSIS method is building A. The most priority building A differs from the most non-priority building E by 200 times. In both the SAW and TOPSIS methods, in flat-volume buildings, the best result was obtained in building A, the tallest building, which is 6.2 meters. The worst result is in building E, which is 3.4 meters high. As the height of the building increases, the tightness test performance decreases, in building A, the air exchange rate differs from building E by 1.933 times and the equivalent leakage rate differs by 1.911 times. As the area of the building's partitions increases, there is a greater likelihood of a greater leak. Buildings of the same volume, only of different heights, have different roof areas. In lower buildings, the roof area is larger, which increases the likelihood of the building leaking through the roof. If we divided the same spaces into floors and reduced the perimeter, the building would be more efficient. It can be concluded that the height of the building affects the tightness of the building. This shows that in order to maintain the efficiency of a building, they should be designed and built according to the height of the building but not the size of the perimeter of the building. |
