| Abstract [eng] |
Fertilizers are an integral part of modern agriculture. By using fertilizers purposefully, plants are provided with the necessary nutrients, thereby increasing crop yields and resistance to diseases. Growing concern for sustainable agriculture has led to increasing interest in organic and mineral fertilizers with organic additives. As the chemical industry continues to advance, there is a growing effort to create production processes with minimal or no waste. This promotes sustainable production, where all by-products are utilized, thus minimizing environmental pollution and conserving energy resources. One of the fertilizers with the highest concentrations of potassium and phosphorus is potassium dihydrogen phosphate. However, this substance is rarely used in agriculture due to its high cost. One of the new production technologies that could significantly reduce the cost of potassium dihydrogen phosphate is the conversion of potassium chloride and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in aqueous solutions. The potassium dihydrogen phosphate obtained during the synthesis can be used to produce compound granular fertilizers, while the remaining crystallization solution can be used for the production of liquid compound fertilizers. This master's thesis project examined the synthesis of potassium dihydrogen phosphate through the conversion of potassium chloride and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in aqueous solutions. Chemical and instrumental analysis methods were used to determine the optimal ratio of starting materials and the most economical synthesis conditions. The solid phase obtained with the best properties was used to produce granular NPK fertilizers. In the production of NPK fertilizers, lupins (Lupinus polyphyllus) were used as organic nitrogen additives, after examining the nitrogen content in their aqueous and alkaline extracts. Microcrystalline cellulose and calcium lignosulfonate were used as additives to improve granulation in the production of NPK fertilizers. The chemical and physical properties of the obtained fertilizers were examined. The influence of the used organic additives on the concentration of plant nutrients in the final product and the influence of granulation additives on the physical properties of the obtained granules were evaluated. The engineering part of the work presents the technological scheme for obtaining granular NPK fertilizers, where organic additives are incorporated into the solid phase formed during the conversion of potassium chloride and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The work also reviews the hazards of the chemicals used to human health and the main requirements for ensuring worker safety in the factory. . |
