Platinum group elements in geosphere and anthroposphere: interplay among the global reserves, urban ores, markets and circular economy /

Juris Burlakovs; Zane Vincevica-Gaile; Maris Krievans; Yahya Jani; Mika Horttanainen; Kaur-Mikk Pehme; Elina Dace; Roy Hendroko Setyobudi; Jovita Pilecka; Gintaras Denafas; Inga Grinfelde; Amit Bhatnagar; Vasiliy Rud; Vita Rudovica; Ronald L Mersky; Olga Anne; Mait Kriipsalu; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Toomas Tamm; Maris Klavins

doi:10.3390/min10060558

Title	Platinum group elements in geosphere and anthroposphere: interplay among the global reserves, urban ores, markets and circular economy /
Authors	Burlakovs, Juris ; Vincevica-Gaile, Zane ; Krievans, Maris ; Jani, Yahya ; Horttanainen, Mika ; Pehme, Kaur-Mikk ; Dace, Elina ; Setyobudi, Roy Hendroko ; Pilecka, Jovita ; Denafas, Gintaras ; Grinfelde, Inga ; Bhatnagar, Amit ; Rud, Vasiliy ; Rudovica, Vita ; Mersky, Ronald L ; Anne, Olga ; Kriipsalu, Mait ; Ozola-Davidane, Ruta ; Tamm, Toomas ; Klavins, Maris
DOI	10.3390/min10060558
Full Text
Is Part of	Minerals.. Basel : MDPI. 2020, vol. 10, iss. 6, art. no. 558, p. 1-19.. ISSN 2075-163X
Keywords [eng]	circular economy ; commodity markets ; critical elements ; limitation of resources ; mining ; platinum group metals ; recycling ; supply and demand ; sustainability
Abstract [eng]	Industrial and strategic significance of platinum group elements (PGEs)—Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt—makes them irreplaceable; furthermore, some PGEs are used by investors as “safe heaven” assets traded in the commodity markets. This review analyzes PGEs from various aspects: their place in the geosphere, destiny in the anthroposphere, and opportunity in the economy considering interactions among the exploration, recycling of urban ores, trade markets, speculative rhetoric, and changes required for successful technological progress towards the implementation of sustainability. The global market of PGEs is driven by several concerns: costs for extraction/recycling; logistics; the demand of industries; policies of waste management. Diversity of application and specific chemical properties, as well as improper waste management, make the recycling of PGEs complicated. The processing approach depends on composition and the amount of available waste material, and so therefore urban ores are a significant source of PGEs, especially when the supply of elements is limited by geopolitical or market tensions. Recycling potential of urban ores is particularly important in a long-term view disregarding short-term economic fluctuations, and it should influence investment flows in the advancement of innovation.
Published	Basel : MDPI
Type	Journal article
Language	English
Publication date	2020
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„Platinum group elements in geosphere and anthroposphere: interplay among the global reserves, urban ores, markets and circular economy /“