Title Enhanced photoelectrochemical immunosensing of carcinoembryonic antigen via MoS₂ heterostructure-induced charge separation
Authors Shabbir, Syeda Ammara ; Shahzad, Amna ; Farhat, Raheel Shamir ; Haris, Muhammad ; Tahir, Maryam ; Anjum, Safia ; Latif, Hamid ; de Leon, Carlos Ponce ; Ullah, Rezwan ; Tamulevičius, Tomas ; Tamulevičius, Sigitas
DOI 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118281
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Is Part of Microchemical journal.. Amsterdam : Elsevier. 2026, vol. 226, art. no. 118281, p. 1-14.. ISSN 0026-265X. eISSN 1095-9149
Keywords [eng] Cancer biomarker detection ; Carcinoembryonic antigen ; MoS₂ heterostructure ; Photoelectrochemical Immunosensor ; Z-scheme charge transfer
Abstract [eng] Photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensors have great potential in the detection of biomarkers in an ultra-sensitive manner. However, many of the PEC biosensors have poor carrier recombination and charge separation. In this project, a PEC Immunosensor based on a MoS₂ heterostructure has been synthesized for detecting carcinoembryonic antigens (CEAs) through the formation of bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI) composite with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The fabricated rGO/MoS₂/BiOI obtained a greater visible light absorption capacity and an improved band gap of about 1.19 eV facilitating optimum photo-absorption (excitation) under visible light. Upon photoelectrochemical testing, the rGO/MoS₂/BiOI ternary electrode exhibited a photocurrent density of about 25.6 mA which dropped to about 4.0 mA due to the formation of antigen-antibody complexes signifying great charge transfer in the interface. Mott Schottky analysis confirmed the presence of a p-p heterojunction and Z-scheme for the charge transfer system which effectively lowered the recombination rate of the electron-hole pairs. The developed rGO/MoS₂/BiOI PEC immunosensor exhibited excellent stability and selectivity, delivering consistent photocurrent responses under repeated light on/off cycles with minimal interference from other biomolecules. It showed a linear response toward CEA over a wide concentration range (0.01–10 μg/mL) with a low detection limit of 0.01 μg/mL, demonstrating its strong potential for sensitive and reliable biomarker detection. This research demonstrated the promising properties of MoS₂ based heterostructure PEC Immunosensor for early cancer diagnostics.
Published Amsterdam : Elsevier
Type Journal article
Language English
Publication date 2026
CC license CC license description