| Title |
Integration of multi-level wavelet decomposition and CNN for brain tumor MRI classification |
| Authors |
Ismayilov, Mahammad ; Čalnerytė, Dalia |
| DOI |
10.3390/app16094482 |
| Full Text |
|
| Is Part of |
Applied sciences.. Basel : MDPI. 2026, vol. 16, iss. 9, art. no. 4482, p. 1-26.. ISSN 2076-3417 |
| Keywords [eng] |
convolutional neural network (CNN) ; Haar wavelet decomposition ; image classification ; multi-level wavelet fusion ; explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) |
| Abstract [eng] |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains one of the most important tests for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases. In recent years, machine learning methods have been widely applied to automate MRI analysis. It supports decision-making by predicting disease and highlighting relevant regions. However, the proper use of feature extraction methods can improve the performance of the model. This paper proposes a WaveletFusion architecture that combines a two-dimensional Haar wavelet decomposition with a convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification. The approach was demonstrated on the Brain Tumor MRI dataset and further examined on the Br35H :: Brain Tumor Detection 2020 (Br35H). The model decomposes each MRI slice into approximation and directional detail subbands and fuses multi-scale wavelet features within the convolutional pipeline. To evaluate the effect of decomposition depth, WaveletFusion variants from one to eight levels were compared with a Baseline CNN model under the same training protocol. The results showed that performance improved progressively with increasing decomposition depth up to level 7, whereas the 8-level configuration consistently declined, indicating that excessive decomposition introduces information loss and over-compression in the deepest approximation pathway. The best-performing configuration, which outperformed both the Baseline CNN and the WaveletFusion variations in five independent runs, was the 7-level WaveletFusion model, achieving a test accuracy of 0.94 ± 0.01 and test macro-F1 of 0.93 ± 0.02. A similar tendency was observed on the Br35H dataset, where the 7-level model achieved a 0.97 ± 0.01 test accuracy and 0.97 ± 0.01 test macro-F1, while the 8-level configuration remained weaker on both datasets. These results show that multi-scale wavelet fusion can improve Brain Tumor MRI classification while maintaining a compact model size and a fair comparison setting, and that the decomposition depth must be selected carefully. |
| Published |
Basel : MDPI |
| Type |
Journal article |
| Language |
English |
| Publication date |
2026 |
| CC license |
|
