| Abstract [eng] |
Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures. |
